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1. Classification
People are divided into “them and us”
2. Symbolization
“When combined with hatred, symbols may be forced upon unwilling members of pariah groups…”
3. Discrimination
“Law or cultural power excludes groups from full civil rights: segregation or apartheid laws, denial of voting rights”
4. Dehumanization
“One group denies the humanity of the other group. Members of it are equated with animals, vermin, insects, or diseases.”
5. Organization
“Genocide is always organized… Special army units or militias are often trained and armed…”
6. Polarization
“Hate groups broadcast polarizing propaganda…”
7. Preparation
“Mass killing is planned. Victims are identified and separated out because of their ethnic or religious identity…”
8. Persecution
“Expropriation, forced displacement, ghettos, concentration camps”
9. Extermination
“It is ‘extermination’ to the killers because they do not believe their victims to be fully human”
10. Denial
“The perpetrators… deny that they committed any crimes…”
