{"id":14800,"date":"2016-04-26T19:00:32","date_gmt":"2016-04-27T00:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/hcstx.org\/?p=14800"},"modified":"2016-04-26T19:00:32","modified_gmt":"2016-04-27T00:00:32","slug":"holocaust-history-how-my-grandmothers-chutzpah-helped-japans-consul-save-thousands-of-jews","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thetacticalhermit.com\/index.php\/2016\/04\/26\/holocaust-history-how-my-grandmothers-chutzpah-helped-japans-consul-save-thousands-of-jews\/","title":{"rendered":"Holocaust History: How my Grandmother\u2019s Chutzpah Helped Japan\u2019s Consul Save Thousands of Jews"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"japan\"<\/p>\n

The story of Rachel Sternheim may answer a long-unsolved mystery surrounding the rescue of 6,000 Lithuanian Jews from the Nazis<\/h2>\n

The story of Chiune Sugihara \u2013 the Japanese consul in Kovno, Lithuania, who disobeyed his government\u2019s orders in 1940 and issued transit visas through Japan to thousands of Jews seeking to flee war-torn Europe \u2014 wasn\u2019t widely known until 1985, when Yad Vashem, Israel\u2019s Holocaust memorial authority, honored him as one of the Righteous Among the Nations.<\/p>\n

But I grew up hearing Sugihara\u2019s story because he saved my father\u2019s life. My father, the attorney Nathan Lewin, is a Sugihara survivor.<\/p>\n

I also have a family connection to something that few others have known until very recently \u2014 the answer to a long-unsolved mystery surrounding Sugihara\u2019s rescue of an estimated 6,000 Jews.<\/p>\n

Why did the Dutch consul in Kovno, Jan Zwartendijk, begin issuing the \u201cCura\u00e7ao visas\u201d \u2013 the Dutch endorsements that appeared to permit travel to the island of Curacao, Holland\u2019s territory off South America upon which Sugihara relied when issuing visas? Why did Zwartendijk begin writing in Jewish passports that a visa was not needed to travel to Cura\u00e7ao?<\/p>\n

The answer: my late grandmother. Peppy Sternheim Lewin, the recipient of the first Curacao visa, is the \u201cmissing link\u201d in the story.<\/p>\n

\"memorial\"<\/p>\n

\n

My grandmother was a Dutch citizen, raised and educated in Amsterdam. After she married my grandfather, Dr. Isaac Lewin, she moved to his home country, Poland. When the Nazi army invaded Poland in September 1939, my grandmother\u2019s parents and her brother were visiting her in Lodz, my father\u2019s birthplace. My great-grandfather promptly flew back to Amsterdam to take care of his business. He later perished at Auschwitz.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

My grandmother\u2019s mother, Rachel Sternheim, and her brother, Leo Sternheim, were smuggled with my grandparents and my father, who was then 3 years old, over the border into Lithuania.<\/p>\n

In Lithuania, my grandmother sought help from the Dutch diplomats because her mother and brother were Dutch citizens and because she had been a Dutch citizen prior to marrying my grandfather. She initially asked Zwartendijk, who was in Kovno, if he could issue her a visa to the Dutch East Indies, which included Java and Sumatra. He refused. So she wrote to the Dutch ambassador in Riga, L.P.J. de Decker. He also turned down her request for a visa to Java or Sumatra.<\/p>\n

Refusing to be discouraged, my grandmother, who was then in Vilna \u2013 a short trip from Kovno \u2014 wrote to de Decker again and asked him whether there was any way he could possibly help her family because it included Dutch citizens. The ambassador replied that the Dutch West Indies, including Curacao and Surinam, were available destinations where no visa was needed. The governor of Curacao could authorize entry to anyone arriving there.<\/p>\n

My grandmother again wrote to de Decker asking whether he could note the Curacao or Surinam exception in her still-valid Polish passport. She asked the envoy to omit the additional note that permission of the governor of Curacao was required. After all, she pointed out, she really did not plan to go to Curacao or Surinam.<\/p>\n

\u201cSend me your passport,\u201d de Decker replied. So she did.<\/p>\n


\n\"The<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

On July 11, 1940, de Decker wrote in her passport in French, \u201cThe Consulate of the Netherlands, Riga, hereby declares that for the admission into Surinam, Curacao, and other possessions of the Netherlands in the Americas, no entry visa is required.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

My grandmother then showed Zwartendijk what the Dutch ambassador had written in her passport and asked him to copy it onto my grandparents\u2019 Leidimas \u2013 the temporary travel document they had been issued by the Latvian government after the existence of Poland was officially nullified by the Nazi invasion. On July 22, 1940, Zwartendijk agreed and wrote de Decker\u2019s notation on my grandparents\u2019 travel papers. That is how my grandparents and my father received the very first Curacao visa.<\/p>\n

Relying on Zwartendijk\u2019s notation, Sugihara agreed to give my grandparents (and my grandmother\u2019s mother and brother, who were still Dutch citizens) transit visas through Japan on their purported trip to Curacao. Sugihara issued their visas on July 26, 1940. The Japanese consul kept a list of the names of the individuals to whom he issued visas. My great-grandmother, Rachel Sternheim, is No. 16 on the list; my grandfather, whose Leidimas included my grandmother and my father, is No. 17, and my great-uncle, Levi (Leo) Sternheim, received Sugihara\u2019s 18th visa.<\/p>\n

The number of visas Sugihara issued jumped exponentially on July 29, 1940, when hundreds of Jews who had escaped to Vilna learned of my grandmother\u2019s successful effort. They crowded outside the Japanese consulate in Kovno (Kaunas in Lithuanian) hoping Sugihara would issue them a visa. Sugihara worked around the clock for a month, issuing 2,139 visas, including to whole families. These enabled the refugees to take the trans-Siberian railroad from Moscow to Vladivostok, and then travel by boat from Russia to Japan, supposedly en route to Curacao.<\/p>\n

The story of Sugihara and his rescue is told in a feature film, \u201cPersona Non Grata,\u201d that had its premiere in October and is now making the rounds at Jewish film festivals across the country.<\/p>\n